William James says “an option [is] genuine option when it is forced, living, and momentous.” A live option has some appeal to the agent and a dead option is one that has no appeal to the agent. A forced option is when “there is no standing place outside of the alternative. Every dilemma is based on a complete logical disjunction, with no possibility of not choosing”
An option is momentous when it is a matter of life and death, now or never, or an important one in a lifetime situation. A trivial option, on the other hand, is “when the opportunity is not unique, when the stake is insignificant, when it does not make any difference”.
“Can our will either help or hinder our intellect in its perception of truth?” James asked. He then clarifies what willing nature is by stating that it is not “only mean such deliberate volitions as may have set up habits of belief that we cannot now escape from – I mean all such factors of belief as fear or hope, prejudice and passion, imitation and partisanship, the circumpressure of our caste and set.” He states that there are things we hardly know how or why yet we find ourselves believing. We believe in what has been told to us by the authorities or leaders. We line our beliefs to theirs. He then concludes that our non-intellectual nature does influence our convictions. He says, “pure insight and logic, whatever they might do ideally, are not the only things that really do produce our creed.”
His thesis is “Our passional nature not only lawfully may, but must, decide an option between propositions, whenever it is a genuine option that cannot by its nature be decided on intellectual grounds; for to say, under such circumstances, ‘Do not decide, but leave the question open,’ is itself a passional decision – just like deciding yes or no – and is attended with the same risk of losing the truth.” This simply says that when we have a genuine option (that is live, forced and momentous) that could not be decided merely on intellectual grounds, our passional nature must be or is on the right place to rule. It may seem that James is against the moral evidentialism of Clifford. The thesis of James is against the moral evidentialism of Clifford with regards to the idea that our passional nature has the right to be place before insufficient evidence. James sees the weakness of moral evidentialism of Clifford when it cannot answer immediately when the situation is asking for urgency. However, it does not connote that James disregards the significance of the intellectual grounds, that is, the sufficiency of evidence. It does not end here his preliminaries (in his essay).
There is one more thing we need to know, small but important. “We must know the truth; and we must avoid error.” In these two separate laws, as he calls it, which are not two ways of stating an identical commandment, is where he criticizes the doctrine of moral evidentialism of William Kingdon Clifford. He re-states, “Believe truth! Shun error! As two materially different laws, we might put first place or treat more imperative the avoidance of error then let the chance of truth take. For him this is the attitude of Clifford’s doctrine. He declares, “Believe nothing, [Clifford] tells us, keep you[r] mind in suspense forever, rather than by closing it on insufficient evidence incur the awful risk of believing lies … so Clifford’s exhortation … is like a general informing his soldiers that it is better to keep out of the battle forever than to risk a single wound.” This should not be the attitude; this is not only our epistemic obligation. The risk of being in error is just a small matter compared with the blessings of knowledge acquired. Being duped many times in any investigations is more awful than postponing the chance of having the truth. James said, “We may regard the chase for truth as paramount, and avoidance of error is secondary.”
Our passionate nature has a big part in the formation of our opinions which influences us inevitably and is lawfully determinant of our choice. Scientific questions and in law courts are not in some way the scope of our passionate nature. It is because we need more time to investigate and be able to conclude beyond reasonable doubts. In these cases, James had weakened his criticisms to Clifford. Hence in the first glance these were the primary points of Clifford. The moral evidentialism of Clifford is much closer to the scientific method or the method of verification.
However, he tries to regain, but never did, when he stated that, “Human passions, however, are stronger than technical rules.” Then he immediately introduces that moral questions cannot wait for sensible proof. A moral question is not really concerned with existence or non-existence but of what is good or what would be good if it did exist. He says that we should not consult science but our heart regarding the worths of both "exists and does not exist". In order to understand what James is telling us here, let us be reminded of the genuine option James had told us first hand: live, forced and momentous option.
Let me relate a true story in this matter. There was once a woman who believed that she really had found her man. She was very happy. However, the man cheated twice to her. Though the woman truly loved the man and willingly engaged herself to him, they broke up. She told herself that she would never give any chances to him again. The woman had cut their communication while the man tried to amend himself and became so honest and truthful. Not only that, he also prepared a good future for themselves. After some years, for some reasons they regained their communication and the man was now ready to rebuild their relationship. The man told the woman, "This will be the last time that I’m going to ask you and if you would not still believe me that I’ve changed, then I will not be yours and you will not be mine”. Do you think the woman will accept the man again, not knowing the struggle and sacrifices of the man to change himself? I think not. (This was what really happened.) Why? Because she already closed the door for themselves. She closed the door for finding the truth if he really was a changed man. It was better for her to be in error than giving an open door to her ex-lover. It was better for her to be mistaken than giving chance to find the truth. She even did not know the sacrifices and struggles the man did for amending and changing himself.
What is religious hypothesis? James briefly states, “Science say things are; morality says some things are better than other things; and religion says two things, First is the best things are the eternal things; Second is that we are better off even now if we believe the first affirmation". If these are true, then religious hypothesis is living. It is also a momentous option because we are able to gain the vital good than lose it by our non-belief. History tells us that man does not live twice, disregarding the concept of reincarnation. Why then take the risk of being an unbeliever? It is forced so far as the good goes. Although we do avoid error by being skeptical if religion is untrue, we lose the good if the affirmation is true. James would not take the risk of not having the chance to achieve the prize or be at the winning side of his believing, though religious hypothesis has insufficient evidence. Skepticism, agnosticism in particular, James does not support but agrees to a rule when he said that “a rule of thinking which would absolutely prevent me from acknowledging certain kinds of truth if those kinds of truth were really there, would be irrational.” The rationality of religion resides on this rule that he introduces. It is really true that we cannot think otherwise that religious truth, if there is, it should be accepted as it is. But this rule is very hypothetical. This rule should be true if and only if religious truth exist. I do not agree that this rule is momentous or to the term of James, is a genuine option. It is because by its nature, it is hypothetical. It might be an imperative, however, it falls to the category of hypothetical imperative, that is, conditional. It is not then a forced option which follows that it is not live option.
James, however, assumes that his audiences might have the manner of thinking that says that they have the right to believe in their own risk any option that is live enough to trigger their will. Another thing is that freedom to believe can only cover living options which the intellect cannot by itself resolve; and living options never seem absurdities to them who has them to consider. In the end James said that we are the one holding our own lives, we respect one another’s mental freedom and each must act in his own accord. Whether we choose to believe or not, or wait to believe, we choose our own risk, our own fate, our own leap.
